By Alisa Swanson, Natural England
Creating new woody habitats, whether woodlands, scrub, wood pasture, wooded meadows or wet woodlands, can play a vital role in reversing biodiversity loss and building climate resilience across England’s landscapes. Natural England’s ambition is to ensure new woody habitat creation offers the maximum benefit for nature and to avoid damage to existing environmental assets. To deliver this, Natural England set up a team of officers across England who can give free advice to landowners and partners interested in creating woody habitats.
We have developed a set of guiding principles when out on the ground explaining our woody advice. These are evidence-based, starting from the Lawton Review, published 15 years ago, and following on from that, work to integrate biodiversity advice, nature networks and climate resilience, published in various Natural England Research Reports.
We wanted to make this practical and accessible for partners, farmers and land managers, to help them deliver even more for nature recovery. Clare Pinches, our Principal Specialist for New Trees and Woodland, took on the challenge to summarise the existing evidence as 6 principles.
So, what are these 6 principles?
1. Check for existing interest and restoration potential
Before planting, assess what’s already there. Some areas may already support valuable habitats or species or have high potential for restoration—especially peatlands or species-rich grasslands. In these cases, it will not be the best option. Instead, where appropriate consider integrating low-density native trees or shrubs to enhance diversity and provide shade or shelter. The key is to work with the land’s existing character and potential, not against it.
2. Get wet! Restore hydrology and other natural processes
Where possible, restore natural hydrology, block drains, re-wiggle streams, or create ponds. Wet features add habitat diversity and support a range of priority species. This principle includes adjusting, usually by reducing, grazing impact and letting natural processes shape the land over time to build resilience and allow wildlife to adapt to change.
It also delivers wider benefits like flood management, improved water quality, and carbon storage. Starting with hydrology ensures that new habitats are built on a foundation that supports long-term ecological function.
3. Go native and diverse
Native trees and shrubs have co-evolved with our wildlife and support far more species than non-native alternatives. For example, our native oaks alone support over 2,300 species. Using a mix of canopy trees, sub-canopy species, and scrub-species increases habitat diversity and resilience to pests, diseases, and climate change. Where appropriate, use of natural colonisation should be encouraged, accompanied by supplement planting or direct seeding using local seed sources.
4. Get better connected
New woody habitats should link up with existing ones, especially ancient woodland, to create bigger, better-connected networks. This improves the ability of wildlife to move through the landscape, especially in response to climate change. Trees outside woods - such as in hedgerows, scrub, or wood pasture - can be just as valuable as woodland in enhancing connectivity. Agroforestry can help bridge gaps between isolated habitats.
5. Go large if you can
Size matters. Larger wooded areas support more species and more stable populations. For example, marsh tits need over 25 hectares to thrive, and some beetles require over 100 hectares. While not every site can be this big, aiming for larger, well-connected patches with internal variation will deliver more for nature than small, isolated plots.
6. Be edgy! Embrace structural complexity
Nature thrives in messy, varied habitats. Incorporating open glades, open wooded habitats and dense groves creates a rich mosaic of niches for birds, insects, and other wildlife. Natural colonisation, where feasible, can produce this complexity over time. In planted schemes, we can mimic this by varying planting density, ideally combining with some natural colonisation, introducing wet features and including thorny shrubs like hawthorn and bramble, which provide food and shelter.
Hopefully, the 6 Principles have grabbed your attention, and you want to know more on how to apply in your own woodland creation projects.
You can start by finding out who is your local Natural England officer for woody habitat creation in your area, or you can email the national team at enquiries@naturalengland.org.uk. Woodland creation queries will be forwarded to the relevant mailbox.
References:
Generating more integrated biodiversity objectives – rationale, principles and practice - NERR071 2018
6 comments
Comment by Simon Ward posted on
It is important to understand what causes the area limitation and thus the "need to go big". Too often it is simply low numbers of a particular plant species. With judicious management this can sometime be increased over that found in the laissez faire approach possibly using tools designed for food production. Paludiculture sites potentially allow conditions to be created for high populations of some target species.
Comment by Christine REID posted on
These look like great considerations for every new woody habitat!
For a deeper dive, would highly recommend Woodland Trust’s guide: https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/plant-trees/woodland-creation-guide/
Comment by Rob Yorke posted on
Good stuff - though under point 3, a diversity of tree species is key in face of climate change, perhaps rather than just relying on native-only - especially when planting at scale.
There are plenty of mixed species woodland as highlighted on this govt website, such as this one in Suffolk https://www.gov.uk/government/case-studies/how-heathpatch-farm-expanded-woodland-to-support-wildlife-and-their-business
'type and species mix: predominantly native broadleaf trees and shrubs, a mix of 25 species selected to increase resilience with future climate in mind, including: oak, wild cherry, small-leaved lime, hornbeam, hazel, alder, silver birch and Scots pine, plus a mix of non-native conifer (Corsican pine and western red cedar)'
best wishes, Rob Yorke
Comment by Natural England posted on
Our joint statement with FC Natural England and Forestry Commission: <a href="https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/our-position-on-woodland-creation-in-england/natural-england-and-forestry-commission-our-position-on-woodland-creation">Our position on woodland creation - GOV.UK</a> recognises the need and value of all types of woodland including the mixed multifunctional woodlands you refer to. However when considering woodlands established primarily for nature recovery outcomes its important to recognise that most of our native and naturalised tree and shrub species are likely to remain within their climate envelopes and are predicted to remain ecologically viable. These species will be vital in supporting biodiversity and we want to make best use of the genetic diversity already present in our native woodlands.
Comment by Leigh Onslow posted on
I have read this with interest but it is unfortunately inadequate and sorely lacking. For example, the blog you are promoting speaks of grazing pressure. This unfortunately shows a bias against livestock farming. The term pressure is used and this is telling because it implies that livestock are usually harmful to the environment generally, whereas in many locations livestock are critical if you wish to improve soil and reduce the need for, or eliminate the need of herbicides. It implies that you will likely have to reduce livestock numbers, whereas often mob conservation grazing is incredibly important to manage invasive or non native plants or manage the understory in woodland without heavy footed human intervention. I am disappointed because the advice comes over as bias against livestock farming and it is so narrow in its advice that it would only apply to a very small number of habitats and because of this it appears to be playing to environmental zealots as opposed to genuine farmers.
You want farmers to be enthused to improve wildlife habitats not put off by this type of rhetoric.
You have invited feedback and mine is that if genuine farmers read this they will see it exactly as I have, because they are far more experienced in the management of the biodiversity on their farms than they are credited for, and they will definitely shrink away from anything that they know is potentially harmful to their land, the biodiversity on it or their business.
Comment by Natural England posted on
Thank you for your comments. Your interpretation is important because we hadn’t separated out the grazing impacts of domestic stock from wild animals (deer/rabbits for example), but you did, which is very relevant. We also agree that the term “pressure” is loaded, and we have amended the article to reflect that. For farmers and landowners wishing to continue with their agricultural activity and undertake tree establishment then agroforestry is a great way forward. We are promoting a separate 5 principles of agroforestry for nature recovery which we hope to share in a blog in the near future.